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Based on the research of Professor Alan McKinnon, the GHG emissions for different vehicles are shown in the following chart. The chart clearly shows that electrical rail has the lowest emissions for land transportation. Taking this into consideration China Steel Corporation spent more than NT$500 million to construct a railway and to buy rail cars and containers so that from July 2011 lime stone from Hualian could be transported to the port by rail instead of by road.

Although the per unit GHG emission for marine transportation is far less than the other options, the total emission of marine transportation in 2050 will rise from the 2007 total of 847 million tons to between 2,363 and 4,817 million tons of CO2. This is because the volume of transportation will rise to 7.18 times of that in 2005. As a result Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) made the following suggestions for future container freight:

　 Utilize ocean currents to reduce GHG emission by 9%
　 Reduce speed by 10% to reduce GHG emission by 20%
　 Utilize air lubrication to reduce resistance and to reduce power consumption by 10%
　 Install solar power to reduce GHG emission by 0.3%
　 Reduce ship weight by 20% to reduce power consumption by 9~12%
　 Prohibit biofouling. Biofouling can increase resistance by 15%
　 Install sails which can be taken down to utilize the wind to get an extra 1~3 MW power.
　 Power generation from fuel cells.

NYK estimates that this kind of Super Eco Ship can be realized by 2030 and is GHG emission will be only 31% of that from the container freight now.

Now let us look at road transportation and the comparison of gasoline and diesel. Because gasoline easily explodes under high pressure, the pressure ratio is usually around 10. With pressure a ratio higher than 20 diesel engines have a higher efficiency than gasoline engines. Also the energy consumption used to refine diesel is less than that for gasoline. According to a 2007 EU report, the emission of pure diesel cars is 127.8 g (CO2 eq/km), which is better than the 140.3 g of gasoline cars. The 105.1 g of diesel hybrids is also better than the 119.6 g of gasoline hybrids. In addition diesel engines can use 100% bio diesel while gasoline engines can only use gasoline with no more than 10% of bio-ethanol .